EDIT: I manage to fix my problem by installing the px and compute packages for amdgpu-pro
From the installation folder, run:
amdgpu-pro-install --px
You will be prompted for confirmation twice -- once to uninstall, and once to install. Then reboot.
OLD (semi-)answer:
It looks like the screen is running from the Intel graphics card (i915). Does your laptop have switchable graphics ?
As a temporary fix, you can try running a window manager without a compositor -- I've found that Xmonad works fine in my setup. Though anything 3D-accellerated will not work.
I am facing a similar problem (same symptoms) on my laptop, which has Intel graphics. It seems the packages installed by amdgpu-pro are incompatible with the non-AMD drivers included in Ubuntu, looking for this is64bitelf
symbol.