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I was wondering if there is any name to the leftmost text (after which we type the command) in a Linux terminal.

Like 

ubuntu@Ubuntu:~$

Do we have a name for this?

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    This is just called prompt normally – xji Nov 7 '16 at 20:47
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It's called the primary prompt string, set by the shell according to the PS1 environment variable. This is usually set per user basis, for interactive shells only, (usually) defined in ~/.bashrc with the default as \s-\v\$.

On my system:

$ echo "$PS1"
\[\e]0;\u@\h: \w\a\]${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\W\$

and expanded to:

username@hostname:pwd$

Check the PROMPTING section of man bash to see what each token does.

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    When someone answers me with this quality, I usually wonder how long will it take for me to be at your depth of knowledge. Thanks :-) – Nabin Nov 6 '16 at 4:54
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    @NabinKhadka Thank you for your kind comments. I am an absolute amateur, still learning every day from the smarter people around me. Everybody was a beginner at some stage, so keep learning and best wishes!! – heemayl Nov 6 '16 at 5:05
  • Assuming Bash is the shell, etc.? – Peter Mortensen Nov 6 '16 at 10:12
  • @PeterMortensen PS prompts are POSIX. – heemayl Nov 6 '16 at 10:55
  • PS1, PS2, and PS4 are POSIX. PS3 is used by the non-POSIX select command, and bash recently introduced a PS0 prompt to display after reading a command but before actually executing it. – chepner Nov 6 '16 at 14:36
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The prompt. There are ways of editing what it shows, e.g. see here. Most of these personalizations can be used with other shells e.g. ZSH, or KSH. TCSH may act a little differently, but I am less familiar with it.

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