Since I am not an American, the following command outputs for example `55000' which means 55°C.
cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone1/temp
Does this command output the temperature in Fahrenheit for computers which are configured US.EN?
According to the kernel documentation, lines 221ff, the unit is "millidegree Celsius". Since this is hard wired into the kernel, I don't think that you can change the unit to fahrenheit by changing the system locale.
Dassman's answer is correct.
The cat command simply prints the contents of a file, which in this case is located on the /sys filesystem.
The /sys is actually provided by the kernel
all files in /sys are actually parts of the kernel, echoing certain commands into specific modules allows you to control functions of the kernel (e.g. scanning for new SCSI/SATA devices, or even disabling CPU cores from being used by the kernel) .
It is not the kernels job to provide any form of localisation, that is done in usermode applications. so, the /sys FS would provide the "raw" value of 55000, it would be the job of an application running to read the value and do the relevant conversion.
No. This information comes from the hardware and isn't affected by your locale settings. The unit for temperature is C (or K, but those are the same degrees, just a different scale) in all scientific and technical uses, even in the US.
So no, you wouldn't see those temperatures in Fahrenheit even if your OS used a US locale.