What does "{} \;" mean in the find command?

Question

Sometimes I see the following command:

find . -name  * -exec ls -a {} \;

I was asked to execute this.

What does {} \; mean here?

Answer 1

If you run find with exec, {} expands to the filename of each file or directory found with find (so that ls in your example gets every found filename as an argument - note that it calls ls or whatever other command you specify once for each file found).

Semicolon ; ends the command executed by exec. It needs to be escaped with \ so that the shell you run find inside does not treat it as its own special character, but rather passes it to find.

See this article for some more details.

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Also, find provides some optimization with exec cmd {} + - when run like that, find appends found files to the end of the command rather than invoking it once per file (so that the command is run only once, if possible).

The difference in behavior (if not in efficiency) is easily noticeable if run with ls, e.g.

find ~ -iname '*.jpg' -exec ls {} \;
# vs
find ~ -iname '*.jpg' -exec ls {} +

Assuming you have some jpg files (with short enough paths), the result is one line per file in first case and standard ls behavior of displaying files in columns for the latter.

Answer 2

From the manpage for the find command :

-exec command ;
              Execute  command;  true if 0 status is returned.  All following arguments to find are taken to be arguments to
              the command until an argument consisting of `;' is encountered.  The string `{}' is replaced  by  the  current
              file name being processed everywhere it occurs in the arguments to the command, not just in arguments where it
              is alone, as in some versions of find.  Both of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a  `\')  or
              quoted  to  protect them from expansion by the shell.

So here's the explanation:

{} means "the output of find". As in, "whatever find found". find returns the path of the file you're looking for, right? So {} replaces it; it's a placeholder for each file that the find command locates (taken from here).

The \; part is basically telling find "okay, I'm done with the command I wanted to execute".

Example:

Let's say I'm in a directory full of .txt files. I then run:

find . -name  '*.txt' -exec cat {} \;

The first part, find . -name *.txt, returns a list of the .txt files. The second part, -exec cat {} \; will execute the cat command for every file found by find, so cat file1.txt, cat file2.txt, and so on.