context: you've already installed Chrome and can't seem to update it - where the command line tells you that you already have the latest, Chrome keeps complaining you need to update - and when you relaunch Chrome it fails to update.
Try the following...
Check /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list
If it looks like this:
### THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY CONFIGURED ###
# You may comment out this entry, but any other modifications may be lost.
# deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main
uncomment the last line, so that it looks like this:
### THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY CONFIGURED ###
# You may comment out this entry, but any other modifications may be lost.
deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main
Then do:
sudo apt update
And then:
sudo apt-get --only-upgrade install google-chrome-stable