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I create couple websites on my home web server. In some articles I found that I have to use : sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain other sources recommend to use: sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/your_domain. Which one is right?

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In the first command, $USER is the UNIX user (probably your currently logged in account). This isn't correct, you want to specify the web server user and assign permissions to them, since that's the user that will actually need to read this data. For Apache, the default web sever user is www-data so the second command is the correct one.

However, if you named your web server user something else, let's say webadmin then you'd want to do:

sudo chown -R webadmin:webadmin /var/www/your_domain

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