If your goal is simply to copy/paste text between host and guest, as an alternative to using the shared clipboard, you can achieve this by opening a port on the Virtual Machine & using ssh to login to the guest from a standard Mac OS terminal.
If you didn't install an ssh server on the guest you can add this like so from the (guest) command line
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ssh-server
sudo apt-get install openssh-server
If you are running ufw firewall you will need to allow ssh from the (guest) command line
sudo ufw allow ssh
You need to add a policy to the VM so that it will allow connections to the port, you can do this from the (host) command line:
VBoxManage modifyvm "<my_ubuntu_vm>" --natpf1 "<name_for_your_rule>,tcp,,<alternative_port_for_ssh_eg_2222>,,22"
Then you can ssh into the guest from the (host) command line
ssh -p <alternative_port_for_ssh_eg_2222> <your_username_on_the_vm>@127.0.0.1
The host command line remains under the control of Mac OS so you can now cut and paste as you would from any other terminal &/or application