I have done this, using 16.04.
You are correct. Though it is possible to connect to your iPod Touch in Ubuntu, you will be unable to sync music via any of the normal libgpod based strategies, listed in other answers.
It is possible to use VBox as detailed above, and you can even get Wifi sync to work between itunes and the ipod. I never found this reliable.
I jailbroke my iPod touch (ios 6.1.6) and then installed (and paid for) PwnTunes on the iPod. This sets up a new 'My Music' folder on the ipod. When you add music to this folder, PwnTunes will sync it to the ipod Music library, including metadata and cover art (which can be embedded or in the form of a cover.jpg file in each folder).
It's a good solution, and works even better across ssh!