You've probably got one or more bad blocks on the HDD, or the HDD is failing.
First, bring up the Disks
app, go to SMART Data & Tests
, and run the tests. Post the results as an edit to your question. Then look at the SMART Data
window, and post screenshot(s). It may take two screenshots to capture all of the data for me to review.
After I review the SMART information, you may need to bad block the HDD, but wait until I give the go-ahead.
Second, to bad block the disk, and if the HDD is empty, or you have the data backed up elsewhere, use gparted
to install a fresh MBR or GPT partition table (this will wipe the drive), and then create one large ext4 partition, and then follow these instructions to bad block the disk...
Note: do NOT abort a bad block scan!
Note: do NOT bad block a SSD
Note: backup your important files FIRST!
Note: this will take many hours
Note: you may have a pending HDD failure
Boot to a Ubuntu Live DVD/USB.
In terminal
...
sudo fdisk -l
# identify all "Linux Filesystem" partitions
sudo e2fsck -fcky /dev/sdXX
# read-only test
or
sudo e2fsck -fccky /dev/sdXX
# non-destructive read/write test (recommended)
The -k is important, because it saves the previous bad block table, and adds any new bad blocks to that table. Without -k, you loose all of the prior bad block information.
The -fccky parameter...
-f Force checking even if the file system seems clean.
-c This option causes e2fsck to use badblocks(8) program to do a
read-only scan of the device in order to find any bad blocks.
If any bad blocks are found, they are added to the bad block
inode to prevent them from being allocated to a file or direc‐
tory. If this option is specified twice, then the bad block
scan will be done using a non-destructive read-write test.
-k When combined with the -c option, any existing bad blocks in the
bad blocks list are preserved, and any new bad blocks found by
running badblocks(8) will be added to the existing bad blocks
list.
-y Assume an answer of `yes' to all questions; allows e2fsck to be
used non-interactively. This option may not be specified at the
same time as the -n or -p options.