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I need to know in detail how are processes described in Ubuntu? I have tried Google, but no luck. As I require it for research purposes, please help. Thank you.

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    What do you mean ?
    – Sergiy Kolodyazhnyy
    Apr 10, 2016 at 12:33
  • You are required to research any operating system(Ubuntu in my case). Your research must include the following with reference to the OS you are describing: Process description and control  What process states are available ( How are processes described)  How are processes controlled  Is the OS treated as a process or not  Security issues
    – rish
    Apr 10, 2016 at 12:36
  • everything in linux is a file. So with every process there is a directory in /proc named with the process id of the particular process. then there are many files in that directory which store different things like memory map of process. processor scheduling info etc resource allocation tables etc. more info at tldp.org/LDP/tlk/kernel/processes.html
    – shiv garg
    Apr 10, 2016 at 12:38
  • @shivgarg The correct directory is /proc , there's no /etc/proc
    – Sergiy Kolodyazhnyy
    Apr 10, 2016 at 12:39
  • Sorry my mistake. I meant to say /proc
    – shiv garg
    Apr 10, 2016 at 12:40

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When you issue a command or execute a shell script in any Unix-like operating system, you start, or create, a process. In short, a process is an instance of a running program. Attributes of processes include a process-id (pid) and a parent process-id (ppid), and there are others. Processes are also associated with a terminal (tty) from which they were executed, unless they are daemons.

I suggest you read more about processes and their attributes at the Unix School or at these university user-pages. (All of these pages and more were found with Google, so it is unclear why you were unable to find them.)

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In Unix , there are two things

  1. files
  2. Process

"files has places and processes have life" by Kaare Christian

A running file that is executed as a program is termed as process (set of instructions). Processes have children, parents, and grandchildren (no, I am not joking :) )

To see all the current processes, press Ctrl+Alt+T and enter ps.

For more details , read Sumitabha Das, Unix Applications (3rd edition), section 2.5.1, and/or go to Google Books and search there, but the above book really does explain what you want.

If you really want to go more deeper, read Modern OS by Tanenbaum or Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz (but before reading these books make sure you have basics of computer organization subject; or else read Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano).

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