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OK, I understand how to get a list of installed packages on my system. Now how can I get a list of all available packages from the list of repositories configured?

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If you want an up-to-date list of the available packages, first update the apt cache:

sudo apt-get update

Then in a Terminal, you can run:

apt-cache dump

But this will print a lot of informations about each package version, repository and dependencies; so the output might be tweaked a bit based on need: for example if you just want a list of names in alphabetical order, you can run:

apt-cache dump | grep -oP 'Package: \K.*' | sort -n

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