How can I recursively change the permissions of files and directories?

Question

I have ubuntu installed on my local computer with apache / php / mysql.

I now have a directory at /var/www - inside which I have several of my ongoing projects. I also work with opensource ( drupal, magento, sugarcrm ).

The problem I am facing is changing file permission with terminal. Sometime I need to change the permission of entire folder and its subsequent sub-folders and files. I have to individually change using

sudo chmod 777 foldername

How can I do this recursively.

Also why do I have to always do it 777, I tried 755 for folders and 644 for files, but that won't work.

Answer 1

Just add the -R option to recursively change the permissions of files. An example, recursively add read and write permissions for the owner and group on foldername:

chmod -R ug+rw foldername

Permissions will be like 664 or 775.

Setting the permissions to 777 is highly discouraged. You get errors in either Apache or your editor regarding permissions because apache runs under a different user (www-data) than you.

If you want to write to /var/www, add yourself to the www-data group and set umask+permissions accordingly.

• Add yourself to the www-data group: sudo adduser $USER www-data
• Change the ownership of the files in /var/www: sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www
• Change the umask, so newly created files by Apache grants write permissions to the group too. Add umask 007 to /etc/apache2/envvars.
• Grant yourself (technically, the group www-data) write permissions: sudo chmod -R g+w /var/www.

Answer 2

bruteforce:

sudo find foldername -exec chmod a+rwx {} ";"

What does not work? Be more specific!

sudo find foldername -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ";"
sudo find foldername -type f -exec chmod 644 {} ";"

Answer 3

You can change the subfolders and files on Nautilus. As you can see on the image below. In order to have the permissons on buttons, you can enable the option on Ubuntu Tweak.

Answer 4

You should not need 777 for anything. Worst case, you'll need to change the owner of certain files and directories to the "www-data" user.

sudo find /var/www -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 755
sudo find /var/www -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 644
sudo find /var/www/some/subset -print0 | xargs -0 chown www-data:www-data

If you're using Lekensteyn's group membership method, change 755 to 775 and 644 to 664 respectively above, and then force the group stickiness:

sudo find /var/www/some/subset -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chmod g+s

Answer 5

If you want to have all of your files be readable to the world (ie. it's just a static set of HTML files/images), then use this command:

chmod -R a+r <base directory>

That will recursively go through all of the files & subdirectories and add read permission to them.

WARNING: Don't do this for files that are executable! Only files that should be visible by everybody.