Because I wanted to get more free space on my /boot, I deleted old kernels
I accidentally deleted the active kernel, but the old ones are still present.
Can I simply reboot and start using the previous kernel ?
You can try. Ubuntu probably uses an initramfs, which will contain the needed tools for the kernel you're booting, so maybe it helps with udev and other dependencies. But nowadays, especially with initramfses and distro-built kernels instead of your own, stripped down kernel, there are some out-of-the-kernel dependencies. My advice would be to just reinstall the kernel package while you're still with a running system. It's less trouble than if you have to chroot or the like due to boot failures. – njsgJan 26 at 13:44
initramfs, which will contain the needed tools for the kernel you're booting, so maybe it helps with udev and other dependencies. But nowadays, especially withinitramfses and distro-built kernels instead of your own, stripped down kernel, there are some out-of-the-kernel dependencies. My advice would be to just reinstall the kernel package while you're still with a running system. It's less trouble than if you have to chroot or the like due to boot failures. – njsg Jan 26 at 13:44