Possibly the most user friendly place where this is (somewhat) exposed is gnome-activity-journal 
. You'll have to dig around quite a bit, but at least at the file level they are there (folders, however, seem to be missing). For example, yesterday I created a new synchronized folder with a bunch of images in it, and the images appear in gnome-activity-journal like so:
One rather developer friendly way of figuring out what has been synced is using the REST API to query the server. Using u1oauthrequest (which you can find in the ubuntuone-couch package—don't worry, it does not depend on couchdb), and the API documentation that you can read on our developers website, you can quickly drill in to the synced content.
The syncdaemon log does contain the information of what has synced (depending on your logging level, which is configurable), but as you found you'd have to write something to extract the information you're looking for. However, syncdaemon does send events to zeitgeist, so you could query it with something like the following:
from zeitgeist import client, datamodel
import gobject
def on_ev_recv(evs):
for ev in evs:
print ev.get_interpretation().encode('utf-8'),
print ev.get_subjects()[0].get_origin().encode('utf-8')
mainloop = gobject.MainLoop()
client = client.ZeitgeistClient()
client.find_events_for_template(
datamodel.Event.new_for_values(actor='dbus://com.ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.service'),
on_ev_recv,
result_type=datamodel.ResultType.MostRecentEvents,
num_events=1000)
mainloop.run()
